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App\Entity\MediaTranslation {#1386 -id: 4506 -title: "Reflux heating" -description: """ <p>Temperature is one of the kinetic factors most often used to modify the rate of a chemical reaction.<br />\r\n <br />\r\n Cooler temperatures will slow or stop a reaction. It is the function of the refrigerator that prevents rapid transformation (degradation) of food.<br />\r\n <br />\r\n Conversely, a higher temperature can often accelerate the reaction rate. But we should take precautions. Prolonged heating may cause the complete evaporation of the solvent. If the ball is blocked, the gases would dangerously increase the pressure.<br />\r\n <br />\r\n The animation shows a typical heater that can reflux heat nbsp;a reaction mixture at constant pressure (atmospheric pressure), without loss of material (produced vapors are condensed and returned to the mixture).</p> """ -legends: """ Condenser\r\n Round bottom\nflask\r\n Heating\nmantle\r\n Lift support\r\n Liquid reaction\nmixture\r\n Cooling water\r\n Vapor\r\n Reflux heating\r\n Condenser loop\r\n Heating the liquid mixture\r\n Vapor passes through the condenser\r\n The vapors condense\r\n The condensate falls back\ninto the flask """ -goals: """ <ul>\r\n \t<li>To illustrate a reflux heating setup.</li>\r\n </ul> """ -more: """ <p>The <strong>reaction mixture</strong> is placed in the flask which is placed on top of a <strong>heating mantle</strong>.<br />\r\n <br />\r\n The flask is held by a bracket fixed by a flat clamp but the heating mantle is placed on a lift support. This helps secure the experiment and control the heating temperature by rapidly lowering the heating mantle.<br />\r\n <br />\r\n The flask is connected to a <strong>condenser</strong> in which circulates continuously cold water (bulb condenser) .<br />\r\n <br />\r\n When boiled, the mixture is heated and stirred which accelerates the reaction. The gases produced will evaporate and pass along the cooling surfaces of the condenser. This has the effect of condensing the vapors so that they fall back into the reaction mixture. This avoids loss of matter. Pumice granules are sometimes added to control boiling.<br />\r\n <br />\r\n The reaction takes place at <strong>atmospheric pressure</strong> because the condenser is open at its upper end.<br />\r\n <br />\r\n Many industrial processes involve very slow chemical reactions. The heating is often necessary to achieve breakeven. Large distillation columns we see in some refineries are based on this principle.</p> """ -scenario: null -features: null -publishedAt: DateTimeImmutable @1431302400 {#1383 : 2015-05-11 00:00:00.0 UTC (+00:00) } -preventIndexForSearch: false #locale: "en" #translatable: App\Entity\Media {#1309 …} #status: "published" #createdAt: DateTime @1386802800 {#1384 : 2013-12-11 23:00:00.0 UTC (+00:00) } #updatedAt: DateTime @1705171557 {#1385 : 2024-01-13 18:45:57.0 UTC (+00:00) } } |
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[ 0 => "internal_api_media" "internal_api_media_options" => [ "withBaseNodeName" => true ] ] |
MediaTranslationNormalizer (600.40 ms) | 600.51 ms |
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